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LABORATORY REAGENTS ACCORDING TO SCIENCE LABORATORY TESTS AND STANDARD PROCEDURES

Laboratory reagents Laboratory reagents are substance used to carry out a laboratory test. They can be classified based on: Purity. Technical Grade Chemicals: used for low-grade applications like commercial or industrial purposes. Due to the present impurities, it isn’t utilized for drug, food, or medicinal purposes. Synthesis Grade Chemicals: The primary purpose of this involves organic synthesis and preparative tasks. Lab Grade Chemicals: found in educational or teaching labs. Though their purity levels are high, the precise impurity levels remain anonymous. AR grade Chemicals: These are used for high precision work since trace impurities are restricted to the lowest possible limits for high precision. Such reagents get used mainly for analytical applications, research, and quality control. General Reagent (GR): reagent that meets or exceeds AR grade specifications. Extra Pure Grade Chemicals: suitable for laboratory acc...
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Preventive maintenance of laboratory equipment

Routine maintenance of laboratory equipment: ·          Ensures that the experiments are conducted efficiently ·          Minimize malfunctions ·          Reduces variation in test results, and improves the accuracy of testing results. ·          Lengthens instrument life. ·          Increases safety for workers. ·          Avoid unnecessary repair expenses. Preventive maintenance techniques: 1.       Cleaning: Easiest, most affordable technique and can be in form of dusting, wiping .etc. Practical examples: ·          Wipe every day the equipment used; cover the sensitive equipment such as microscopes so that dust does not damage the lenses, cover analytical bala...
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Preparation of laboratory ware

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  Preparatory methods include: cleaning using physical, chemical and biological methods GLASSWARE PREPARATION   Steps of cleaning glassware: Courtesy of Labpedia ·          Decontaminate the glassware by presoaking in 5% bleach or by boiling. ·          Can use any detergent or cleaning powder. Detergent should meet the following conditions: Ø   It can soften the local water supply. Ø   It should be able to remove organic material at a temperature of 60 °C. Ø   It should have a neutral pH after rinsing with water. Ø   Glassware should be free of the microbiological organism after the following rinsing.   ·          Autoclave may be the alternate method. ·          If the glassware is soaked in water after use, that is ideal. A wire brush may be used to scrub off any...
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Laboratory apparatus and equipment

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  Classification of laboratory apparatus Classifying apparatus based on the type of material : Glassware: graduated cylinders, side arm, Erlenmeyer flask, beaker, funnels, test tubes, watch glasses, fractionating column, west condenser, separator funnel, stopper, round bottomed flask, three-way adapter (distilling head), Claisen adapter, vacuum adapter, thermometer adapter, drying tube, Hickman head, water condenser, air condenser, conical vial and spin vane. Ceramics: crucible, mortar and pestle, Buchner funnel, pipe clay triangle, tiles Rubber: dropper, rubber tubing, rubber corks, pipette filler Plastic: wash bottle, funnel, test tube rack Platinum (and its alloys): platinum loop, tongs. Platinum offers high electrical conductivity and resistance to chemical attack. Quartz: cuvette Aluminium: TLC paper Nichrome wire loop is also called a smear loop, micro streaker and inoculation wand. It is easy to sterilize reuse because nichrome wire resists deterioration wi...
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